Education Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria Essay

Instruction is a procedure where information and social abilities requested, are procured. It is to a country, what the brain is to the body, similarly as a perished mind is impaired in the co-appointment and heading of the real exercises difficulties in the instruction framework would go about as a deterrent to monetary turn of events. In this way, the absolute most huge complex of social-control devices for national improvement is found in the instructive framework; be it formal or casual. (Uwadia , 2010). It is additionally acknowledged that the advancement of any country relies to a great extent upon the advancement of the human populace in that country which can significantly be improved through training. Smith (1937) focused on the noteworthiness of instruction in human capital arrangement. In this manner it follows that a decrease in the interest in instruction would influence the supply of the general human capital base and profitability. Therefore venture on instruction is viewed as a basic component to ease destitution, decrease joblessness and increment monetary development (Chukwu, 2011). It is with this information that The UNESCO suggested that 26% of the yearly spending plan be apportioned to the Education part and the understanding between the Federal Government and Staff associations on October 22, 2009 was likewise focused on the improvement of the training segment. Anyway in our examination we would understand that a nation like Nigeria has been working underneath the rate suggested by UNESCO as our consumption on instruction for the most part lies around 5.3%. As indicated by the Federal Ministry of Education (2003), the instructive framework in Nigeria confronted sick periods between 1979-1995 because of resurgence of unsteadiness and money related deficiencies in the administration, and was influenced by the general monetary downturn of the 1980s. In light of this, the Federal Government consequently expanded the spending distribution to instruction in the next years. These additions can be seen from 1995-2004 whereby training consumption expanded from N12,816,400,000 in 1995 to N93,767,886,839 in 2004. An absolute increment in use by 631.63%. Such a tremendous increment in instruction use should start a moderately huge increment in the Nigerian training framework. It is anyway evident that the development of the Nigerian economy has prompted an expansion in the National spending allotment to training throughout the years yet how this thusly has assumed a job in the advancement of the Education segment, stays a riddle unsolved. All these incited the lead of this examination. In this vain, it is normal that in a creating nation like Nigeria that tries to accomplish monetary turn of events, the expanding sums siphoned into the instruction part will be used viably and thusly will result to the improvement of Education in Nigeria. Be that as it may, this isn't the situation. A superficial look at the nature of our instruction uncovers that Nigeria is far from arriving at neither the guaranteed place where there is Education for all by 2015 nor its wide fantasy about being one of the 20 best world economies by 2020. With more cash crashed into the part and nothing to appear for it, one would then be able to surmise that the reason for our lethargic training framework isn't money related deficiency. Then again, it might be a contributing element. Consequently the requirement for our investigation emerges. In the light of this, this examination is done with the point of featuring the connection between training consumption and the advancement of the instruction division. Likewise, we will show how the training standard is crumbling in spite of the augmentation in budgetary distributions from 1995 to 2004. Unequivocally, the goals are as per the following; a.To decide and survey the example of Government use on instruction. b.To find out the presentation of the training part in contrast with Government consumption in the area. This examination is done on the Nigerian instruction division with accentuation on Nigeria’s spending distribution to Education thus all assets and perceptions to be made are limited to Nigeria. Information and data to be utilized in this exploration are auxiliary information got. These information are to be assembled between May 30th and June seventeenth, 2011. This exploration on the Nigerian Education area will be founded on information from 1995 to 2004 (ten years). It was in this period that a consistent increment in the spending allotment to the training segment was watched. Information required to do this examination will be separated from; †¢The National Bureau of Statistics distributions: Federal budgetary portions. †¢Ministry of Education, Awka Zonal Office †¢The Joint Admission Matriculation Board (JAMB) Zonal Office †¢The National Examination Council (NECO) †zonal office †¢The West Examination Council (WAEC). †¢The Central Bank of Nigeria â€Annual distributions on the National spending plan. In this examination paper, the common least squared technique will be utilized utilizing yearly time arrangement information (1995-2004), so as to survey the effect of training consumption on the improvement of the division. This work will be done as an examination paper since it is an extended exposition that presents out own understanding, assessment and contention. We have prevailing with regards to expanding upon what we think about the announcement of the current issue.

Fixed Expressions Quiz in English

Fixed Expressions Quiz in English English uses various fixed articulations in ordinary discussions and composing. For instance: Im going to go come downpour or come shine.To come clean with you, I dont appreciate going to parties. The accompanying test gives various fixed articulations. Each fixed articulation has a couple of wrong word(s) in it. Discover the word(s) and compose it (them) down. To assist you with incorporating these articulations when you communicate in English, check whether you can make an interpretation of the articulations into your own language. When you have deciphered the expressions, consider ways that you would utilize them in your language and attempt to make an interpretation of go into English. Fixed Expressions Quiz Im apprehensive that is never come into my mind.Hes so glad as a shellfish since he met Linda.You choose. Its up for you.Could you put in a decent sentence for me with the boss?What of the world do you mean?Shes so satisfied of her new car.I can guarantee you that it is a bliss to manage you.Jack feels solid about the requirement for another park in town.It has appeared to our consideration that your girl has missed five classes.Id like to thank you for benefit of our company.That listens like a great opportunity!Hes got blended emotions in with his new school.Im sorry. I didnt keep that. What did you say?Thank you as much for welcoming me to the party!Could you hold up a second, if it's not too much trouble Answer Key Each slip-up is inâ boldâ with the right word following inâ italics. Im apprehensive that is neverâ come intoâ enteredâ my mind.Hes so as happy as a mollusk since he met Linda.You choose. Its up for to you.Could you put in a goodâ sentenceâ wordâ for me with the boss?What of in the world do you mean?Shes so very pleasedâ ofâ withâ her new car.I can guarantee you that it is aâ happinessâ pleasureâ to manage you.Jack feels veryâ strongâ stronglyâ about the requirement for another park in town.It hasâ showedâ comeâ to our consideration that your girl has missed five classes.Id like to thank youâ forâ onâ behalf of our company.That listens sounds like a brilliant opportunity!Hes got blended feelingsâ withâ aboutâ his new school.Im sorry. I didntâ keepâ catchâ that. What did you say?Thank youâ asâ soâ much for welcoming me to the party!Could you holdâ upâ onâ a second, it would be ideal if you

Understanding Opioid Overdoses

Understanding Opioid Overdoses Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print Understanding Opioid Overdoses By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P facebook twitter linkedin Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Learn about our editorial policy Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 20, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Adam Young / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery When people think of opiates they tend to think of heroin, but opiates consist of several different medications besides heroin. Demerol, morphine, Norco, codeine, Oxycontin, and Vicodin are all opiates or opioids. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, more precisely, opiates describe those drugs that are made directly from the poppy plant, and opioids are synthetically produced. For each of these opiates, overdoses cause death the same way.   Opiates (such as heroin, morphine, and Demerol) are sedatives known for being very strong pain relievers. In high doses, opiates decrease a persons ability to breathe. When someone overdoses on heroin or any of the prescription opioids, their speech becomes slurred, their reaction time decreases, their gait (walking) becomes unstable, and in the worst cases, their breathing gets shallow and slow. Eventually, breathing will stop completely. Opiates also cause constriction of the pupils (meaning the black circle in the middle of the eye gets very small). Paramedics regularly respond to heroin overdoses where the patient is unconscious, wont respond to any shaking or shouting, isnt breathing and has pinpoint pupils. In most cases, the patient still has a pulse. Indeed, people who overdose on opioids can survive for several minutes without breathing. Naloxone (Narcan) Paramedics carry a medication called naloxone that is the perfect antidote for opiate overdoses. How It Works Naloxone is an opiate antagonist, which means it essentially blocks opiates from affecting the brain and actually kicks out the opiates that are already there. When you give naloxone to a patient who has overdosed on opiates, they usually start breathing and wake right up. Its amazing to anyone who sees it for the first time. Naloxone is such an incredible antidote to opioid overdoses that its use is growing. In some places around the country, police officers are carrying naloxone to treat opioid overdose without having to wait for paramedics. Naloxone is even being handed out at some needle exchange programs. How Safe Injection Sites Work Avoiding Overdoses If you have a friend or family member taking any type of opioid medication for pain, make sure they follow their prescription and talk to the doctor before increasing the amount they are taking. This includes taking extra opiate medications when wearing pain patches. Pain patches are often also delivering opioid medications. Any combination of opioids can lead to an overdose. Opioid Addiction Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Opioids can be highly addictive, which means even though you could have started taking them as a way to control pain, their use can get out of control. Also, they can feel less effective as time goes by. That loss of effectiveness (called building a tolerance) leads to higher and higher dosages in an effort to get the original feeling. At some point, its possible to overdose while chasing  the feeling. Overdoses can also be from a desire to get a strong, one-time feeling or even as an intentional attempt to harm yourself. If a family member taking an opioid medication becomes unconscious and you cannot wake him or her, call 911. If you have naloxone, dont be afraid to use it. How to Help Someone If They Overdose on Opioids

Essay on The Global Warming Debate - 2269 Words

The concept of global warming has become one of the most widely debated and controversial topics of our time. Scientists learned long ago that the earth’s climate has powerfully shaped the history of humanity. However, it is only in the past few decades that research has revealed that humans have a significant influence on the climate as well. A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that since 1950, the world’s climate has been warming, primarily as a result of emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of tropical forests. More importantly, an article titled Global Warming published in the New York Times shows that methane, a gas that is emitted from landfills, livestock and oil gas facilities,†¦show more content†¦Sources for this paper include articles, books, and websites. Terms will be defined as the arguments are presented. Scientists who believe in global warming say that global warming is the result of carbon dioxide and othe r air pollutants collecting in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, trapping the sun’s heat which causes the earth to heat up. In fact, according to Amber Jenkins, site editor for Global Warming: Vital Signs of the Planet, meteorologists at NASA (National Aeronautics Space Administration) have reported that â€Å"Earth is the hottest it has been in at least 400 years, and possibly even the last 2,000 years. Studies indicate that the average global temperature has increased by approximately 0.5-1.0 °F (0.3-0.6 °C) over the last century† (Jenkins). However, CEI scientists have reported that there is no proof that rising temperatures are linked to global warming. The Earth has gone through various periods of cooling and warming throughout its history. The rising temperatures are simply the Earth warming itself up from the previous ice age (Competitive Enterprise Institute). Contrasting with the virtual world of computer simulations, the real world presents a ver y different picture. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) website even states that: During the last 2,000 years, there have been departures from the stability of earth’s natural courseShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Of Global Warming894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Debate of Global Warming Climate change is a hot-button topic in politics, conversation, and education. Both sides of the ongoing debate claim disastrous consequences. On one hand, the view of an economic focus could make the market worse. On the other, the end of life as we know it. This is a comparison essay between Al Gore s documentary a vocal advocate for global warming reform and a film made by deniers. In the film Unstoppable Solar Cycles: Rethinking Global warming. The creators expressRead MoreThe Debate On Global Warming1087 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Argumentive Essay Both Al Gore and Daniel Botkin have different arguments on global warming. They are both think very similar on the same topic. Because one part of the argument is serious, and the other one is not so much. But, the point is that both of their stories are pointing out to their views on this issue. But, according to Webster Dictionary, Global Warming is when the increase in the world’s temperature that is to believe to increase by carbon dioxide. Both of the authorsRead MoreDebates On Global Warming658 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿I. Global Warming: Fact or Fiction A. Background of the debate on the perceived global warming phenomenon 1. Temperature increase 2. Disparity and the reasons why B. Arguments for the perceived fact of human influence on global warming 1. The greenhouse effect 2. Global disaster C. Arguments that human influence on global warming is fictitious 1. Amount of CO2 2. Natural reasons for global warming One of the most longstanding and most passionately debated topics in the scientificRead MoreThe Debate On Global Warming1239 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy concerning global warming. The controversy takes the form of public debate that centers on five issues (Mazo 30). The first issue is whether or not global warming is occurring. The second issue is whether global warming is real and extent it has occurred in the recent decades. The third question relates to the causes of global warming. The fourth question centers on the effects of global warming. The fifth question is whether any action needs to be taken to contain global warming. The author concursRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe global warming debate has been at the top of the list for environmentalists increasingly over the last twenty years. The controversy of global warming is either considered due to human activity or natural causes. Although the earth’s climate and temperatures have changed, that does not mean it is humanly caused. Despite the pretense linking the association between man and global warming, which is heavily supported by consensus of scientists, eco-sensitive politicians, and the effort to restrictRead MoreThe Debate over Global Warming1406 Words   |  6 Pagesproduction of this age, our population releases environmentally harmful substances like greenhouse gases into the air every day. In recent decades’ findings, these substances have been found to trap heat in the atmosphere over time, contributing to global warming. To cut these emissions completely would bankrupt the world’s struggling, industry-dependent economy. Knowing that this isn’t a threat that will peak in our life time or even the next generation’s causes political progression to move slowly. IfRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming1063 Words   |  5 Pagesclimate change debate has been ongoing for nearly thirty years now, the debate is over t he causation(s) of global warming. Temperatures on earth have increased approximately 2.0 °F since the early 20th century. Levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane have drastically increased within the atmosphere. Both sides within the debate surrounding global climate change can agree on these points. However; disagree on a number of other possible causations of global warming. Even though thereRead MoreEssay on The Global Warming Debate768 Words   |  4 PagesThe Global Warming Debate We are polluting the atmosphere and with an increasingly wide range of polluting substances and these are due to the fact that there are now so many people and their human activities are altering the chemical compositing of the atmosphere through the buildup of gases. By the end of this article, you will start to wonder about what this is doing to our world. What is global warming? Global warming takes place because human activitiesRead MoreGlobal Warming Debate Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pages In the controversy over whether Global Warming there is two sides in which people can choose either human caused or just Mother Nature doing her thing. Most scientists will tell you that Global Warming is mostly the cause of humans. While there are some who will disagree and say that it is just nature doing what it has done for thousands of years. For most scientists the topic of global warming is one that is caused by us humans. They have many facts data to back this up. Some examples of theseRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesAs the threat posed by global warming continues to mount, there has been much debate over how to stem the rise in global temperatures. Nearly all experts agree that the primary driver of global warming has been human activity. Over the last century and a half, human activity has released immense amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, altering the Earth’s climate. Yet, although there is a pressing need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, it is impossible to

The Usefulness Of Liquidity Credit And Market Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2090 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This essay explores empirically the usefulness of liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk as risk measures indicators to explain whether German banks riskier than European competitors or not. The sample of reference entities consist of all German banks and eleven European banks and the observation cover the period from1994 to 2008. Using a unique dataset available in Bangor university blackboard website that relates to various characteristics of the individual banks operating in a twelve European Union countries, after dividing the period into three terms the first one started from 1994 to 1998 (before the establishing the European Union), the second started from 1999 to 2005 (after joining to European Union and before the last financial crisis) and the third term started from 2006 till 2008(during that crisis). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Usefulness Of Liquidity Credit And Market Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order By analysing the t-test hypothesis of three risk mean sources; liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk, we gain important insights into the German banks risk compared with European banks. We compare the risk using three measures for liquidity, credit and the market risk. We find evidence that the liquidity risk for German banks during all terms was higher than European competitors and the credit risk was lower in German banks except in the first term, while in the market risk they are in lower exposure through all terms. However, German banks rely on loan loss provision as the source of liquidity to face the demand of withdrawal of their customers. Introduction: Germany is one of a large diversified modern economy based on gross domestic product (GDP) and is the largest country in the European Union (EU). But currently the German economy start to decline significantly in the fourth quarter of 2008 and recovery is not expected until late 2011. Germany is a member of the European Union and one of the original eleven countries to adopt the euro as its currency in 1999. In addition to the easing of monetary policy being done with the cutting of interest rates by the European Central Bank, the German government is using expansionary fiscal policy to aid the economy. The government has passed two stimulus packages, one in the fourth quarter of 2008 and one in the first quarter of 2009. Available on AMB Country Risk Report 13Augest (2009). Germany has the second largest banking sector by size in Europe. Germany banking sector focus on long-term lending and accounts for just under one-third of all banks in the euro area has largest number of br anches and is the largest employers of any European banking sectors DÃ ¼llmann Sosinska (2007). A securities market may play a role to provide liquidity to investors whose risk and costs are therefore reduced. Furthermore, by vying for investors capital, stock markets increase competition for banks, therefore, stock markets and banks may also complement each other. On the other hand, unlike European economy, German economy depend on banks more than stock market because the bank provide long-term loans and prefer to keep higher ratio of loan loss provision instead using securitization. In this essay, we consider that a credit risk, liquidity risk and securities market may play important role to assistance the banks risk which market represented by the market risk faces possible liquidity shortages. We examine which of these two institutions best prevents a banks liquidity shortages while allowing the optimal allocation of the banks resources. Indeed, although the bank is able to avoid liquidity shortages by keeping a high proportion of cash (loan loss provision) in its balance sheet and in the same time this reserve use to avoid credit risk. In addition the bank gain a profit from lending money to investors which are affected by credit risk, therefore credit risk drive to liquidity risk and market risk, then each one of these risk lead to others risk. Then by applying mean average of these type of risks to explain Germany banks riskier than non-Germany banks Franck, Krausz, available online 19 January (2005). Literature: The following literatures focus on three important elements which represent the performance and risk taken by German banks as a unique banks structure. A study has done by Hayden at al (2007) investigated the performance of 983 German banks from 1996 to 2002. The study tried to find out the relation between the portfolio diversification on the bank and the bank performance across different countries, rejoins, and industries. Value- at risk based risk variable has calculated. The regression model has set to answer three questions which are: first, Does diversification decreases or increases the bank profitability? Second, are there any changes in the relationship accrue after correcting for risk. Does the changes in diversification and return dependent on the risk level? The study found weak evidence between diversification and the bank profitability. They find almost banks in the sample with a higher diversification have a lower return. Kakes at al (2002) analyses the effect of monetary shocks on German lending banks channel. They investigate six different banking groups by following across-sector approach. The study found that, smaller banks hold enough liquid of asset protects those small banks from monetary shocks. Also they investigate the response of banks lending after a monetary shocks, and they found that: the bank lending is vary across banking sectors. The big banks tend to be able to protect their loans portfolio against this monetary shock because it takes high proportion of loan loss provision. Whereas, small banks lending have a sharp decline. Another study conducted by Beck at al (2009), the study investigated the bank ownership and stability: Evidence from German banks. Banks ownership in Germany have three different types which are government-owned savings banks, cooperative banks and privately- owned banks. The sample was taken from the period 1995 to 2007. Using Z- score and NPL-score and distress probability, they conclude that wi th privately-owned banks in Germany are more risky than cooperative and savings, but also higher returns. They found some evidence for the too-big-to-fail phenomenon, privately-owned banks decreasing their capital buffer as they grow larger. Overall, the findings gave important insights for supervisors and regulators in charge of banks of different ownership types, especially of applying different stability indexes, as they might give different results, depending on if they focus on, different moments of the distribution or particular risks, example lending risks. Data: The sample of reference entities consist of individual banks and the observation cover the period from1994 to 2008 for a twelve European countries which are Germany, Italy, France, Greece, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. The data is available from Bangor university blackboard website. In our study we used three variables from the available data to measure the risk for German banks (about 2640 banks) and European banks (about 2515 banks). Methodology: The purpose here is to measure three types of risks; liquidity risk, credit risk and market risk. In order to measure the liquidity risk we use the liquid variable which represents a ratio of liquid assets to total assets, this ratio is useful to determine the size of liquid assets to total asset which can be converted into cash quickly, and it reflects the liquidity position of the bank. On the other hand we used the llpl variable which represents the loan loss provision to total loans ratio that captures the credit risk of the banks, it is helpful because it reflects the banks ability to recover its default loans (Hlawatsch Ostrowski 2009).while in measuring market risk we used the ratio: { 1-(equity + deposits)/total assets} as the third variable, it represents the market proportion in financing assets in the bank (i.e. if the bank want to increase finance we use three type of sources equity, deposit and market by borrowing from other banks) , it is an indirect measure but stil l it gives us a clear idea about the effect of market risk in the bank . When dealing with the data we chose to divide the period from 1994 to 2008 into three intervals, this segmentation meant to take into account tow major actions that may result in having effects on the European banks; the first action is the establishment of the European Union in 1999 and the second is the last financial crisis that start from united states and hit all over the world. Therefore we had an interval from 1994 to 1998, followed by an interval from 1999 to 2005 and from 2006 to 2008. We investigated all data under our chosen variables. After that we calculate the average values of our variables for every bank during the specified period and compare the mean of the averages between German banks and European banks (Non German) for every period. We preferred to calculate the average value for bank per se in sake of getting more smooth distribution for the tow populations. Then we exclude outliers using the simple classical approach to screen them by using the Standard Deviation method, it is defined as: 2 SD Method: x ÂÂ ± 2 SD; the observations outside these intervals are considered as an outliers (Songwon Seo 2006). And then we run unpaired T-test (one tail) to check the equivalence of the means for the two populations (German banks and non German banks) for every variable in the three determined period, we assumed that both populations will approximately follow the normal distribution for the reason of large size of our sample, and we got unequal variances between populations for all variables in the periods so we operate T-test with unpaired and unequal conditions in order to get a valid test (Stata 10 ÂÂ  produces Satterthwaites or Welchs approximation for the degree of freedom). As well as the two populations are independent. Results and Discussions: Based on Stata result, first we describe the data (see table 1) and then we run T-test for independent samples with unequal variances (we test the variances equivalence using F-test). For all tests we run we have the null hypothesis that says both populations are equal in the mean of the specified measure of the risk. First we test the credit risk using llpl ratio during the three intervals, in the first period we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that means the mean average of loan loss provision to total assets for German banks is significantly less than the mean of European banks(see table2), and also in the following two periods we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that says the mean of loan loss provision for German banks is significantly greater than European banks(see tables 45). Second we test the liquidity risk using liquid ratio during the same periods, for the three tests we reject the null hypothesis and acce pt the alternative hypothesis that declares the mean of liquid assets to total assets in German banks is significantly less than the mean of European banks(see tables 567). Finally we test the market risk using the proportion of the market (interbank market) in the total assets and for three tests we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative that provide the mean of market proportion in German banks assets is significantly less than the mean of European banks (see tables 8910). The mean values of three risk measures across the three periods are stated in the following table (values are in percentages): German banks: period Before the European integration After the European integration an before last financial crisis During the last financial crisis Risk measure Loan loss provision to total loans .8403876 .7747105 1.005803 Liquid assets to total assets 14.90594 15.40948 17.46113 Market proportion in the total assets . .0756065 .0697405 .0690318 For European banks: period Before the European integration After the European integration an before last financial crisis During the last financial crisis Risk measure Loan loss provision to total loans 1.457796 1.005803 .5611184 Liquid assets to total assets 37.15308 30.54644 30.0822 Market proportion in the total assets .1314926 .1672181 .1185017 Conclusion: According to the above explanation German banks have higher liquidity risk than European competitors while they are less exposure to the credit risk especially during the last financial crisis, except in the period before the European integration was more risky than European competitors. In addition, German banks are less exposure to the market risk, that means European competitors are depend on market finance, hence the German banks they face less risky from the market risk (this case refers to the high regulation by the state particularly after European integration when the competition increased). My opinion, German banks are not riskier than European competitors because its focus on long-term loans that is possible to face difficult to liquidate asset, but this problem solved by taking large proportion of loan loss provision to compensate any credit risk and liquidity risk, because credit default lead to liquidation asset. However, the current literature as we discuses above suggest that Germany me face some economic problems.

Effective and Ineffective Communication Free Essays

Effective and Ineffective Communication Lisa Brady Loyola University Effective and Ineffective Communication Where we come from, what we’ve experienced, our culture, our norms, our circle of friends, and our history all affect the ways in which we communicate with each other. What constitutes effective and ineffective communication? How do we assess what works as opposed to what doesn’t? Communication is vital not only to patient care but in collaborating as a team to ensure goals are achieved. In Contemporary Nursing, Cherry states that â€Å"effective communication is a foundational component of professional nursing practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective and Ineffective Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Cherry amp; Jacob, 2011, p. 381) When I think of communication in the clinical setting, two examples are always in my fore mind both of which happened in nursing school. I keep these experiences in mind because they have had a profound effect on the ways in which I communicate with my patients daily. My example of ineffective communication stems from a rotation I did in the ICU. I was apprehensive about going to the ICU. Was I ready? The patients were so acute and I was so inexperienced. I was filled with doubts and insecurity. The short version of this story entails an ICU nurse who was not aware she was getting a student and a shortage of computer tablets, so medications were pulled via a written paper brought to the pyxis. A patient was upset with medications he didn’t understand and the doctor had to be contacted. The doctor yelled at the nurse, the nurse ran from the unit crying and when she returned the scene was set for a near fatal accident. The nurse took me and her piece of paper to the pyxis and began to pull her medications. Again for time and space, the shortened version explains that the nurse mistakenly pulled a night medication due at hour of sleep instead of the day medication. The nurse then instructed the nursing student to pass these medications. By the time the nurse realized she had pulled the wrong dosage and the nursing student had given them, the patient had to be intubated; stomach pumped and could easily have died. During this emergency treatment the nurse yelled at the nursing student, â€Å"and this is why you always check the computer prior to giving medication. I cannot express to you the fear, anger and confusion I had over what had transpired. I felt â€Å"thrown under the bus†. What had just happened? What happened was a serious disconnect in communication and a hard lesson in patient safety. The patient lived and recovered. I learned to never completely give up my power and to trust my instinct. I have never since and never will give a medication unless I have pulled it and have all the resources in front of me to verify the information. The nurse later wrote on my evaluation that we both needed to learn our five rights. I was angry but in retrospect she was right. I may not have pulled those medications but she told me to give them and I obeyed. I was utilizing non-assertive communication. I have always thought communication was my strong suit. I strive to use the â€Å"I† statements that Cherry suggests. (Cherry amp; Jacob, 2011) I believe strongly in Jan Hargrave’s concept that â€Å"55% of what we say is non-verbal,†¦38% is in voice reflection and only 7% is in the actual words we say. (Cherry amp; Jacob, 2011, p. 385) The difficulties that arise in communication; it is dependent on a host of factors, including non-verbal communication and interpretation of the information. (Cherry amp; Jacob, 2011) I have since learned assertive communication techniques and am currently working on responding instead of reacting. It is a lifelong process. My second example is one of effective communication. A young mom with two babies arrived to the ER. She had no insurance, and her baby presented with fever and signs of pneumonia. The ER doctor and the nurses expressed she was from the city hours away and was most likely attempting to obtain free care. The doctor discharged the patient and the nurses discussed amongst themselves the patient and the problems with patients abusing the system. Once again my gut instinct told me there was more to this patient and her story. I went to the patient to express concern and to listen and discovered that the patient was not at this particular hospital to avoid payment. She was in a domestic violence shelter with her two young babies and was attempting to change her life. It upset me that she was pre-judged like this, when all it would have taken was a few minutes of building a rapport and trust to get to the truth of the matter. It has truly made a difference in how I work with my patients. I try to truly listen to what they are â€Å"not† saying. To work with our patients on a holistic level we must actively listen, validate their concerns and their feelings and earn their trust. In conclusion there is so much to take into consideration regarding how we express ourselves and interact with each other as professionals and with our patients. We must always consider cultural differences and be keenly aware of body language. How we communicate with individuals varies greatly and is dependent upon where that person is in their life and at that moment. Physical touch is another form of communication and again must be assessed dependent on the person. Some patients don’t mind if we touch their hand or shoulder reassuringly, others are bothered by this. I always make an attempt to ask a patient for example if they are crying; can I give you hug? It is so important to maintain open communication but at the same time keep boundaries. It is a gift to be able to care for our patients but it can be difficult to find the right path of communication for each person. In the end we do the best we can, utilizing the tools we’ve been given and making every effort to be authentic, genuine and in the moment. References Cherry, B. , amp; Jacob, S. R. (2011). Contemporary nursing issues trends and management (5th ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. How to cite Effective and Ineffective Communication, Papers

Listening Language Acquisition Challenges -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Listening Language Acquisition Challenges? Answer: Introduction Tallkaholic scale is known as the measure compulsive communication. This diagnostic tool helps to identify my skills of compulsive communication. By utilizing this particular tool, I found some of the areas of compulsive communication, which should be avoided or controlled, for my own benefits. I strongly agree with the fact that I tend to remain quiet when I really need to speak. Specifically, when I am in a meeting or in a group and we are in the discussion of a topic, where everyone is giving his or her opinions and then when my time comes, I remain quite. In addition, there are certainly some situations; I talk a lot than usual. Such tendency sometimes affects my verbal communication. We develop verbal communication to keep each other informed so that we could disseminate the relevant and significant information. Moreover, the verbal communication is required to resolve a problem. However, in some of the areas of compulsive communication, I found myself losing control over the co nversation. According to Talkaholic Scale I scored 32, which indicates that I am not fully competent to control my tendency of talking at most of the time. I agree with the fact that I am hardly find myself quiet even for my own advantages. Nonetheless, it is a rare incident that I speak more than I should. Thereby, I do not have any particular opinion on this element of compulsive communication. Diagnostic tool Findings of Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA) This diagnostic tool is helpful when I identify areas of communication apprehension in the intercultural context. I derived 65 in this particular diagnostic tool, which indicates a high intercultural ability. I agree that in general I am much comfortable in interacting with a group of people belonging to different cultural backgrounds. I also disagree with the fact that I do not get tense and nervous during the interaction of people from different culture. I agree with the fact that I preferably get involved in a group discussion with others who belong to different cultural backgrounds. On the other side, I also disagree with the fact that involving in-group discussion with the people from different cultural background makes me nervous. I understand that while communicating with the people of different culture, it is necessary for every individual to remain calm and relaxed and this behavior or actions could make others who are involved in the communication, uncomfortable. I strongly defend my characteristic that during the conversation with an individual from a different culture, I do not fear. It is certain to feel nervous while communication with a group of people of other culture but I understand the fact if I get nervous or tense I would not be able to present my views. In order to improve communication or to get rid of the weaknesses in communication, I should not fear or grow the anxiety of speaking. Moreover, during the conversation with the people of other culture, I believe that the individual should pay attention to other person speaking, as this helps to brush up listening skills. Diagnostic tool- The findings of Non-verbal Immediacy Scale Self-Report (NIS-S) In the non-verbal immediacy Scale- Self Report I scored 90. This diagnostic tool is directly related to areas of my non-verbal communication. I agree with the statement that I often use my hands and arms to gesture during the interaction with other people. However, I do not grow any tendency of touching others shoulders while taking to people. Nonetheless, I agree with the fact that using arms and putting hands on the shoulders of others could be effective when I am talking to my friends or the person I know very well. I understand that the use of monotonous tone during the conversation could affect the theme or the subject of the conversation. I do not move when someone touches during the conversation. It is a fact that while communicating with an unknown individual, both the parties might not prefer to touch each other. Touching or putting arms on shoulder only happens when both individuals known each other or they have a friendly or comfortable zone. I tend to maintain a relaxed b ody position when I talk to people. Likewise, I also believe that if I frown while communicating with others, it could make other individual uncomfortable. Diagnostic tool- Findings of Tolerance for Disagreement Scale (TFD) It is identified that the tolerance for disagreement scale is developed to measure the range to which a person could tolerate other people by disagreeing with what other person says or believes to be true. The diagnostic tool based on the statements provided indicates that I have a high TFD score. I preferably involve in a conversation where others have contradictory views. Generally, I like to talk to people with different points view as it helps me to learn new things and rectify my own judgment. However, I do not agree with the fact that disagreement could be helpful always. Disagreement is not always effective in a conversation but when the situation occurs, I do not prefer to change the topic of the discussion. Disagreement in a conversation indicates negativity or problem; thereby, continuing the conversation could provide the solution of the disagreement. Moreover, I also have the tendency to enjoy arguing with people about the elements on which there is a state of disagreemen t. However, I also found that sometimes disagreement leads to intense argument, which further affects the conversation. People become assertive or they tend to show assertive characteristics such as aggression. Nonetheless, I do not nourish any such assertive characteristic. Diagnostic tool- Findings of Willingness to listen diagnostic It is universally known that listening is one of the significant skills, which potential leaders imply as being critical to effective communication. Listening can be improved by several ways such as attending the classes, attending in the lecture session, etc. I scored 70 in listening skills. I usually do not dislike the individuals who are boring speakers. Hence, I believe that not all individuals in a group can be active speakers. Listening a boring speaker helps to realize how I can improve those areas or aspects I found in a boring speakers. In general, I may not like attending a conversation or lecture event where is a noise or chaos but I insist on listening to such speakers so that I could deal with my nature of being monotonous in the middle of a conversation. However, I find it difficult to listen to speakers even if others things linger in my mind. Nonetheless, I cannot deal with non-responsive speakers I lose my patience in the middle of the conversation. Two communication issues identified requiring development One of the major issue I found is talkaholic nature. I speak a lot when it is not necessary. On the contrary, when I should speak or present my views, I remain silent. Moreover, during a conversation in a group where everyone is giving their feedbacks but my mind is occupied with other irrelevant things that are necessary in that time. This is a significant issue, as it could affect my communication skill when I will be involved in a professional interaction. Lack of willingness to listen Another significant issue I found from the above presented findings and analysis is my lack of willingness to listen. I have poor listening skills, as during a meeting or in lengthy conversation, I often lose my patience and I start feeling bore in the middle of the conversation. Such poor listening skills affects my professional career because several official meeting take place in my organization where, I am not able to understand the theme of the strategies due to poor listening skills. Thereby, I need to develop my listening skills so that my communication would be improved. Reflecting on two recent professional interactions and analyzing them with the key communication issues discussed above Based on the findings and analysis presented in the above, I found that I face significant issues particularly in compulsive communication. I am agreeing with the result embedded in the talkaholic diagnostic tool. I recall one incident that makes me realize that I am talkaholic and such characteristics bothers others. During my internship in a medium sized firm, I had a healthy professional relationship with my operational manager. My manager used to remain quiet, which means he does not speak much unless it is required. Whenever, he used to ask me about the progress of the work, I usually start a long conversation with him, which makes him irritated and he indicates that he is not interest to listen further. Another incident I recall, which is related to lack of willingness to listen. I was supposed to operate a promotional event about the launch of a service by my organization where I am doing an internship. My business heads gave me a brief about the event in an official meeting but the meeting took a lot of time and it was lengthy. Therefore, in the middle of the meeting I lost my patience and my mind remained busy with others things. Such poor intention of listening affected the entire event. I realized that I am not an active listener; an active listener would have grabbed each element of the conversation and conveyed to others in a positive manner. Moreover, in the meeting, there was a constant noise in the meeting room as there were some construction works in the building. Thus, due to the chaos and noise I withdrew my attention from the meeting. As I presented the findings above that noise breaks my concentration of listening. Literature Review- As put forward by Men (2014) there are some of people who are driven to talk more than usually an individual does. Experimental data in the study conducted by Penn Watermeyer (2012) indicates that variability in peoples talking behavior has often been the subject of several study studies particularly in the field of communication. Talkaholic nature is often considered as compulsive communication disorder. Talkaholic nature universal problem that affects peoples normal functioning in personal relation as well as social activities. Concept of Talkaholic- According to Samuels et al., (2014) an individual who does not have control over his/her talks is known as talkaholic and some people consider this nature as compulsive communication disorder. The individuals who are diagnosed with talkaholic characteristics often remain silent when they need to talk or sometimes, there could be some situations where such individual would talk a lot when it is not genuinely not required. A study conducted by Mataix?Cols et al., (2016), mentioned that a co-worker, well known for his talent and creativity was promoted to run a group of individuals in the workplace. The promoted supervisor acquired the gift of gab and talked persistently with the co-worker. The author mentioned that most of the time, the topic is not related to work. Consequently, supervisors talk affected organizational productivity and employees started complaining to senior management. Eventually, the individual had to face a demotion in the career. However, according to the existing papers on compulsive communication a significant difference exists between a person who talks much and an individual who is compulsive in their talk. As put forward by Phutela (2015), an individual who talks too much can go through the issue of quality talk, whereas an individual with compulsive disorder has a problem of quantity talk. However, no study has yet addressed the accuracy of their distinction. In this context, McCroskey et al., (2014) raised the question on whether these individuals are different or they are same as each other. Thereby, Mataix?Cols et al., (2016) provided an example that Person A prefers the conversation about politics and initiate a one-sided interaction with Person B. Individual B is uncomfortable in discussing the politics as well as holds different political view from individual A, who persistently discusses his stance on the current topic. Finally when the conversation ends, the person B remains fully in disagreement with the argument and he mentions to others that person A talks too much. Thus, in such a context, person A is not necessarily talkaholic. On the other hand, Person B is uses a quanti tative term to assess a perceived qualitative issue. Olatunji et al., (2013) also mentioned that one significant explanation for the above mentioned discrepancy is that if an individual does not like what someone says, a significant way of describing that particular response is refer to the person who speak too much. Thereby, speak too much remains as a negative quantitative term for a negative qualitative reaction. So, it might be difficult for an individual who spends a large amount of time talking to other individual regarding As positive qualities, although such behavior could be embarrassing to person A. In this context, McCroskey et al., (2014) commented that people who talk too much usually have a quality issue with their communication. Phutela (2015) also raised the issue whether the individual who speak too much are labeled in such way, as their style of communication and level of competency are lacking. Olatunji et al., (2013) in their experimental study mentioned that such individuals tend to ignore cues to stop talking and discuss topics that could be annoying as well as embarrassing. A study conducted by Koran and Simpson (2013), also indicates the fact that people who are by nature compulsive in communication often face a pure amount of quantity issue. Hence, the major concern that surrounds them is the amount of time they invest in talking during the interaction. Thus, as the purpose of the future study, Phutela (2015), believed that compulsive speakers have an issue of quantity, which could set them apart from other individuals or communicators. In another study on communication conducted by Rispoli et al., (2014) mentioned that some individuals with compulsive communication characteristics tend to believe that their compulsive behavior helped them to become flexible with others Compulsive Communication disorder treatment As put forward by Mataix?Cols et al., (2016), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) provides a significant talking treatment which focuses on addressing the connection between ones feelings, and behavior. It helps the individual to develop practical skills to deal with any negative patterns of behavior that could be causing the individual difficulties. It can be implemented with one to one pattern, or in a group. Thompson-Hollands et al., (2014) on their experimental study is strongly recommended for compulsive communication disorder. Exposure Response Prevention also helps to deal with obsession of compulsive talking and prevent the urges to implement compulsion. As put forward by Mller et al., (2014) CBT should be carefully managed to ignore anxiety and distress; thereby, it is significant that an individual understands treatment completely. Topic two- Lack of willingness to listen There are several reasons behind a poor listening skills but Aldera and Mohsen (2013) mentioned that a lack of motivation remains as significant challenge to listening. The supervisors who should be listening could be daydreaming or making individual plans. In this context, Renukadevi (2014) mentioned that motivation or incentive often remains as the prevalent issue in the listening technique. An experimental study conducted by Chang and Millett (2013), showed that individual score effectively on listening achievement tests when they learn in advanced that they are going to be examined compared to the fact when they just know are supposed to listen. On the other side, Oduolowu and Oluwakemi (2014) mentioned that scores on listening test increases when the incentive to listen increases. Findings provided in these papers indicate the fact that listening could be a hard work, people can expect great amount of effort when the goals is known and the listeners could observe a positive resu lt of the effort. According to Siegel (2013) lack of willingness could appear before listening even begins. For example, if a individual intentionally or unconsciously decides not to listen, the listening skills would be of no advantages. However, the question is why would a supervisor lacks willingness to listen? A study conducted by Aldera and Mohsen (2013) indicates most of the people rather prefer to talk instead of listening; in fact, when they ask a question , they could certainly interrupt the first sentence of the response. Likewise, the listener may stereotype the speaker as one who has very little to contribute as well as not worthy listening to. In addition, the listener could lack intention because that person might not want to receive negative information. As put forward by McCroskey et al., (2014), defensive behavior behavior sometimes works against listening. Hence, some supervisors might consider a small attack on their opinions as an attack on them personally As the result, they could support the defense. Here, this defense could involve the verbal attack that further, prevents the possibility for listening. Furthermore, the internal noise, such as employee chaos in the workplace could be a significant barrier to listening. On the other side, environmental noise in the external environment could compete with the major topic of interest, which also remains as the barrier. Limitation of the literature The above-mentioned literatures have mainly focused on how issues of communication appear in communication. The studies have provided a solid definition of the issues related to talkholic communication and willingness to listening. However, the papers did not provide any theoretical views or use of models to justify the facts. The studies have demonstrated how talkaholic characteristics of an individual affect others but it did not term the issue with theories. Moreover, hardly any study found an adequate solution for enhancing the listening skills. Particularly, a study conducted by Chang and Millett (2013) discussed in the literature review only talk about how an individual lose patience in listening but the study did not pay required to attention to solutions of the identified barriers. Action plan Type of activities Current performance Things I need to improve Time required Session for controlling Talkaholic attitude (Compulsive talking treatment) I have observed that I talk a lot on situations, which is unnecessary. The exaggeration of the topic affects the audience and thereby results to ineffective communication. The social acceptance of such communication, which is undertaken by me, is negligible. I believe that I am required to bring in changes in the structure of the speech. I am required to get a hold of the topic in order to stop myself from exaggerating on the same. I suppose that writing down the message would also help me in initiating the practice. A steady speech therapy would also helps in outnumbering the issue that is being faced by me. It will be helping me to outline the context and speak accordingly. 2-3 months Training to improve Attentiveness and concentration Inattention has caused several impacts on the effectiveness of the messages that are being conveyed. I have noticed that I face a serious issue while attending lectures due to the inattentiveness. It affects the priority of the message and the understanding of the same. The proper understanding of the message helps in the identification of the different contexts that are being addressed in the lectures. I am required to improve on my attentiveness in order to facilitate the proper understanding and the interpretation of the messages that are being conveyed. The most important steps that I must undertake is to make improvements in the attentiveness. I have planned a short session in order to bring in improvements in the attentiveness. Meditation sessions will be helping in the promotion of the attentiveness. I believe the sessions will be helping in bringing about changes in the communicative abilities and enhance the concentration which is much required for undertaking effective communication. 4-5 months Perception and cognitive development The lack of perception affects the understanding and the interpretation of the message that is being conveyed. I believe that I lack in the proper implementation of perception and the cognitive abilities to relate. It affects the communication through the misunderstandings. The proper understanding of the different issues that are being faced by me relating to the perception has affected the total idea of the message. I must take steps in order to bring in changes in the perception and the cognitive abilities. In order to do so, I must undertake a session in order to bring in changes in the mindset and the perceiving power. The clarity and brevity of the message is useful for a start. However, there are issues that might be faced by the proper implementation of the elements of the cognition. The abilities have helped in undertaking ways for the better functioning of the communication systems. 6-8 months Table one 1: Action plan (Source: Self-Made) Elements January-March April-June July-September Compulsive communication training Improvement of attentiveness Perception and cognitive development Table 2: Gantt Chart References Aldera, A. S., Mohsen, M. A. (2013). Annotations in captioned animation: Effects on vocabulary learning and listening skills.Computers Education,68, 60-75. Chang, A. C., Millett, S. (2013). The effect of extensive listening on developing L2 listening fluency: Some hard evidence.ELT journal,68(1), 31-40. Jenifer, R. D., Raman, G. P. (2015). Cross-cultural communication barriers in the workplace.Internafional Journal of Management,6(1), 348-351. Koran, L. M., Simpson, H. B. (2013). Guideline watch (March 2013): practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Mataix?Cols, D., de la Cruz, L. F., Nordsletten, A. E., Lenhard, F., Isomura, K., Simpson, H. B. (2016). Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission, recovery and relapse in obsessive?compulsive disorder.World Psychiatry,15(1), 80-81. Mataix?Cols, D., de la Cruz, L. F., Nordsletten, A. E., Lenhard, F., Isomura, K., Simpson, H. B. (2016). Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission, recovery and relapse in obsessive?compulsive disorder.World Psychiatry,15(1), 80-81. McCroskey, L. L., Teven, J. J., Minielli, M. C., Richmond McCroskey, V. P. (2014). James C. McCroskey's instructional communication legacy: Collaborations, mentorships, teachers, and students.Communication Education,63(4), 283-307. Men, L. R. (2014). Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction.Management Communication Quarterly,28(2), 264-284. Mller, A., Claes, L., Georgiadou, E., Mllenkamp, M., Voth, E. M., Faber, R. J., ... de Zwaan, M. (2014). Is compulsive buying related to materialism, depression or temperament? Findings from a sample of treatment-seeking patients with CB.Psychiatry research,216(1), 103-107. Oduolowu, E., Oluwakemi, E. (2014). Effect of storytelling on listening skills of primary one pupil in Ibadan North local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria.International journal of humanities and social science,4(9), 100-107. Olatunji, B. O., Rosenfield, D., Tart, C. D., Cottraux, J., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. (2013). Behavioral versus cognitive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: An examination of outcome and mediators of change.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,81(3), 415. Olatunji, B. O., Rosenfield, D., Tart, C. D., Cottraux, J., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. (2013). Behavioral versus cognitive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: An examination of outcome and mediators of change.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,81(3), 415. Penn, C., Watermeyer, I. (2012). Cultural brokerage and overcoming communication barriers.Coordinating participation in dialogue interpreting,102, 269. Phutela, D. (2015). The importance of non-verbal communication.IUP Journal of Soft Skills,9(4), 43. Renukadevi, D. (2014). The role of listening in language acquisition; the challenges strategies in teaching listening.International journal of education and information studies,4(1), 59-63. Rispoli, M., Camargo, S., Machalicek, W., Lang, R., Sigafoos, J. (2014). Functional communication training in the treatment of problem behavior maintained by access to rituals.Journal of applied behavior analysis,47(3), 580-593. Samuels, J., Shugart, Y. Y., Wang, Y., Grados, M. A., Bienvenu, O. J., Pinto, A., ... Piacentini, J. (2014). Clinical correlates and genetic linkage of social and communication difficulties in families with obsessivecompulsive disorder: Results from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study.American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics,165(4), 326-336. Siegel, J. (2013). Exploring L2 listening instruction: Examinations of practice.ELT journal,68(1), 22-30. Thompson-Hollands, J., Edson, A., Tompson, M. C., Comer, J. S. (2014). Family involvement in the psychological treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder: A meta-analysis.Journal of Family Psychology,28(3), 287.